「Question No. 13」

　　In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County last year lowered its speed limit from 55 to 45 miles per hour on all county highways. But this effort has failed: the number of accidents has not decreased, and, based on reports by the highway patrol, many drivers are exceeding the speed limit. Prunty County should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths, resurfacing rough highways, and improving visibility at dangerous intersections. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago.

　　Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

　　Instruction:

　　短文的结论： It is concluded that Prunty County should undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago to replace its reduction in the speed limit. 套话： The missing of the crucial pieces of evidence renders the logic of the argument vulnerable.。

　　Body

　　逻辑点(1)：「假 / 错误分母」：

　　首先指出欠缺的evidence是什么： The first piece of evidence the author omits to provide is the total traffic volumes before the speed limit and after. 然后，具体分析欠缺的evidence的对于文章逻辑的影响： A large number of accidents out of a large traffic volume may represent a small chance of accidents. Likewise, a small number of accidents may represent great incidence of accidents if the traffic volume is small. It is the proportion of the accidents to the total traffic volume that decides the likelihood – the rate – of accidents, and the reduced rate is the key to the improved level of highway safety, whereas the decrease in the number of accidents is not without knowing the total number of cars on the highway.

　　【注意：论述时的措辞思路不一，只要说清楚明白即可。

　　措辞方面没有的的答案，但是逻辑的正确性。】

　　逻辑点(2)：「地点差异」：

　　首先指出欠缺的evidence是什么： Another missing piece of evidence is the similarity between the causes of accidents in Prunty County and those in Butler County. 然后，具体分析欠缺的evidence的对于文章逻辑的影响： The effectiveness of a road improvement project may vary from county to county. In other words, the project may be effective in Butler County and ineffective in Prunty County. If the causes of accidents in the two counties are different, Butler County's experience may not be as transferable as thought.

　　逻辑点(3)：「它因」：

　　The reduction in the number of accidents in Butler County may not be attributed to the road improvement project but to a number of other factors, such as the decreased traffic volume, drivers’ improved driving behavior and safety awareness. However, the argument provides no evidence to rule out these possibilities, the causative relation between the project and the decreased number of accidents is rendered vulnerable.

　　逻辑点(4)：「时间断点」：

　　None of the annual numbers of accidents two years ago, three years ago and four years ago are known. The lack of the crucial evidence renders it unclear that the project has been effective or that last year was an instance that the accidents decreased for other reasons as is mentioned before. Without having the evidence, it is fair to believe that the annual number of accidents in the past few years immediately after Butler County’s road improvement project increased, and as a result, the project may not be as effective as thought.

　　逻辑点(5)：「偷换概念」：

　　The author confuses reported accidents with accidents that actually took place. 首先指出欠缺的evidence是什么：A piece of evidence that is missing at this point is whether every accident that occurs is reported. 然后，具体分析欠缺的evidence的对于文章逻辑的影响：It is not unlikely that some of the accidents were not reported when they happened, and as a result, it is likely that the total number of accidents did not decrease.

　　【可能还有逻辑点(6、7、8 …)：写4到5个逻辑点即可。】

　　Conclusion

　　Unless the author provides the aforementioned evidence, which is however omitted in the line of reasoning, Prunty County should not negate its reduction in the speed limit or to undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago.

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