雅思阅览是一种使命型阅览。在做标题的时分，咱们需要在跳读、扫读和精读之间灵敏转化，然后快速找到标题中所需的信息并在必要的时分对文中的一句话或几句话进行深层次的了解。

所谓精读，就是经过逐行阅览文章然后准确而清晰地了解文章的意思。为了可以让我们更有效地精读每篇文章，咱们结合比如，由浅入深从词汇、句子、阶段3个层面来了解精读的时分都需要留意了解哪些内容，而经过了解这些内容又能给咱们带来什么好处。

之前咱们讲述了应如何从【词汇层面】、【句子层面】了解精读时应留意的一些内容，这次为我们带来了【阶段层面】的相关内容。

阶段层面

布景：在看文章的时分，一些同学可能会收到自身言语才能和阅览习气的约束，经常只见树木不见森林，导致一篇文章看下来，只抓住了一些零散的信息，却没有抓住这些信息之间的逻辑。其实在学术文章中，作者的逻辑都是十分清晰的，他们会运用各种“逻辑连接词”来对阶段中的内容以及几个阶段中的内容进行衔接，方便读者跟上他们的思路，因为篇幅原因，笔者放两段原文给我们抛砖引玉，请重视下方原文中加粗的逻辑连接词，体会它们的作用。

【原文1】Psychologists have long held that a person’s character cannot undergo a transformation in any meaningful way and that the key traits of personality are determined at a very young age. However, researchers have begun looking more closely at ways we can change. Positive psychologists have identified 24 qualities we admire, such as loyalty and kindness, and are studying them to find out why they come so naturally to some people. What they’re discovering is that many of these qualities amount to habitual behaviour that determines the way we respond to the world. The good news is that all this can be learned.

【原文2】Hunt and Lipo contend that moai-building was an activity that helped keep the peace between islanders. They also believe that moving the moai required few people and no wood, because they were walked upright. On that issue, Hunt and Lipo say, archaeological evidence backs up Rapanui folklore. Recent experiments indicate that as few as 18 people could, with three strong ropes and a bit of practice, easily manoeuvre a 1,000 kg moai replica a few hundred metres. The figures' fat bellies tilted them forward, and a D-shaped base allowed handlers to roll and rock them side to side.

Moreover, Hunt and Lipo are convinced that the settlers were not wholly responsible for the loss of the island's trees. Archaeological finds of nuts from the extinct Easter Island palm show tiny grooves, made by the teeth of Polynesian rats. The rats arrived along with the settlers, and in just a few years, Hunt and Lipo calculate, they would have overrun the island. They would have prevented the reseeding of the slow-growing palm trees and thereby doomed Rapa Nui's forest, even without the settlers' campaign of deforestation. No doubt the rats ate birds' eggs too. Hunt and Lipo also see no evidence that Rapanui civilisation collapsed when the palm forest did. They think its population grew rapidly and then remained more or less stable until the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced deadly diseases to which islanders had no immunity. Then in the nineteenth century slave traders decimated the population, which shrivelled to 111 people by 1877.

Hunt and Lipo's vision, therefore, is one of an island populated by peaceful and ingenious moai builders and careful stewards of the land, rather than by reckless destroyers ruining their own environment and society. 'Rather than a case of abject failure, Rapu Nui is an unlikely story of success’, they claim. Whichever is the case, there are surely some valuable lessons which the world at large can learn from the story of Rapa Nui.

剖析：【原文1】是一种比较典型的最初段打开方式，先用一个传统的观点作为引入，然后经过“however”这个转折词来表明后面的内容才是作者真正想要进行打开的内容，然后体现出这篇文章的新奇之处和写作含义；【原文2】中有三段话，尽管很长，可是经过辨识“moreover”和“therefore”这两个逻辑连接词，咱们很快就可以分辨出这三段之间的联系：前两段是并排联系，都是详细论说；而最终一段和前面两个阶段是因果联系，作者在最终一段中给出了定论。

好处：在精读文章的时分，假如能有认识地去重视这些逻辑连接词，就可以提高自己对逻辑衔接方面的敏感度，然后在练习的时分更好地把上下文的意思进行串联；一起，学习逻辑连接词的用法还对写作颇有好处，让自己写出来的文章更有条理。

阶段结构

 布景：这个层面涉及到雅思阅览中一个难度较高的题型——标题配对题，这个题型要求同学们可以快速识别出一个阶段（或几个阶段）的粗心。因为各种因素的影响，一些同学可能会把阶段中的一些细节信息或次要信息误认为是一个阶段的粗心。先来看看下面3个阶段，可以尝试辨认下这些阶段的粗心分别是什么。

【原文1】The supporters of vertical farming claim many potential advantages for the system. For instance, crops would be produced all year round, as they would be kept in artificially controlled, optimum growing conditions. There would be no weather-related crop failures due to droughts, floods or pests. All the food could be grown organically, eliminating the need for herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers. The system would greatly reduce the incidence of many infectious diseases that are acquired at the agricultural interface. Although the system would consume energy, it would return energy to the grid via methane generation from composting non­edible parts of plants. It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.

【原文2】Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thoroughgoing land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They don`t even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches.

 【原文3】A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.

 剖析：这三个阶段的粗心，都可以经过它们各自的结构辨认出来，而这三段文字则代表了三种比较干流的阶段安排结构：

【原文1】的结构是最为常见的“总-分”机构，其中的句话就是引领这个阶段内容的主题句。在这个阶段中，主题句先告知读者垂直农业有许多优势，接下来就用详细的比如告知读者详细有哪些方面的优势。

The supporters of vertical farming claim many potential advantages for the system.For instance, crops would be produced all year round, as they would be kept in artificially controlled, optimum growing conditions. There would be no weather-related crop failures due to droughts, floods or pests. All the food could be grown organically, eliminating the need for herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers. The system would greatly reduce the incidence of many infectious diseases that are acquired at the agricultural interface. Although the system would consume energy, it would return energy to the grid via methane generation from composting non­edible parts of plants. It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.

【原文2】的结构也是“总-分”，但和【原文1】不一样的是，这段话中的主题句是第二句，即“一部分动物从陆地回到了水中去生活”。其实，这段话的句话只是一个布景信息，而第二句最初的“nevertheless”这个转折词，则暗示咱们句话并不是那么重要。

Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thoroughgoing land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They don`t even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches.

【原文3】的结构是“分-总”，根据前面的细节信息，作者在最终给出了一个定论，即“对气味的感知不仅包括对其本身的感觉，还包含了和这些气味相关的阅历和情感”。

A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.

好处：经过在精读的时分剖析阶段结构，可以提高同学们区别主题（观点）和细节（论据）的才能，然后在解题的时分可以更快提取阶段粗心，减少被细节信息影响的可能性。

经过在精读时有认识地去了解上述层面中提到的内容，相信我们最终可以明显提高自己的言语才能以及学术文章的阅览和剖析才能。可是，并不是说上面的层面就是精读的悉数了，在打好根底之后，同学们还可以举一反三，自己尝试去提取文章的要点（这里的要点包括主题和首要细节信息）或许去了解不同类别学术文章的逻辑结构，然后培养卓越的阅览习气和认识、增强获取信息的速度和准度。假如你掌握了这些才能，那么它们给你带来的报答就不仅仅局限于8分以上的阅览成绩——在往后的留学生涯中，你也将从这种高效阅览的体会中受益许多。

最终，祝愿看完这篇文章的你学业顺畅，宏图大展！

铛铛档~

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