Integrated Writing Task

阅读部分：智利的一个沙漠，发现了很多海洋动物的化石，科学家提出了三个造成这么多动物一起死亡的原因。

1、他们住在 lagoon 里，跟海洋连接，有海水流进去，后来发生地震切断了与海洋的连接，导致水干了，他们就都死了；

2、致命病毒；

3、algae boom 会分泌一些 toxic，在食物链中积累。

听力反驳：三种理论都站不住脚

1、如果水干了的话，会产生minerals，但是实际上并没有发现，所以阅读的假设不成立。

2、病毒也不可能。一种 virus 只能导致一种 species 或两个 close related species 的死亡，不会同时导致多种生物死亡；

3、海藻确实可以产生毒素，但是问题是有一些并不吃动物的食草动物，但是它们也死亡了，所以对于这 一点，不能得到合理的解释。

本次综合写作重复2017年5月20日考题，2019年目前进行的21场托福考试中有9场重复往年考察过的综合写作真题，分别为：20190112（重复20161211）；20190126（重复20140629）；20190223（重复20170218）；20190330（重复20180106）；20190331（重复20130817）；20190414（重复20180506）；20190511（重复20160910）；20190519（重复20150412和20180908）；20190615（重复20121014）；总占比超过40%。由此可见，历年考察过的真题被重复考察的可能性还是比较高的，考生平时备考时也可以以历年真题为材料进行备考练习。考题内容针对于考察占比比较大的动植物类话题，主要考察的是动物灭绝原因。在TPO中有大量材料也涉及到相关话题。

Key words: extinction, virus, mineral, toxic

可以类比下列TPO的综合写作：

TPO39

阅读部分：

总论点：三叠纪动物灭绝原因可能的三种解释

分论点1：海平面下降

分论点2：由于有火山爆发的SO2，气候变冷

分论点3：小行星撞击地球表面

听力部分：

总论点：三种理论都不可信

分论点1：三叠纪的海平面变化是逐步的，只有急剧的海平面变化才可能导致对生态的负面影响

分论点2：过多的SO2会与大气中的水溶合转换成雨，不会长时间停留在大气层中

分论点3：已经发现的陨石坑年代比大灭据时间更久远

TPO18

阅读部分：

总观点：Torreya即将灭绝，专家提出三种举措来解决数量减少的问题

分论点1：Reestablish Torreya in the same location where it thrived for thousands of years

分论点2：Move Torreya to an entirely different and faraway location

分论点3：Preserve Torreya in research centers.

听力部分：

总观点：三个方法都没用

分论点1：全球变暖引起了Torreya原始存在的地方的Florida整体气温上升，这导致了这个地区的wetland干燥，导致Torreya也无法在此地生存；

分论点2：Torreya移动到新的地方可能会引发对于新环境的其他植物无法预计的伤害；

分论点3：研究室里的Torreya无法维持数量和基因的多样化，所以不能长期生存。

2019.07.06托福独立写作真题

Independent Writing Task

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

To be successful, businesses must put more money into advertising.

题目解析：

这道题属于托福写作中媒体类的题目，曾经出现在20140419CN，20140906NA和20100306NA三次考试中，是一道老题了。在分析此题时，需要注意的关键词为more，如果忽视了这个词，分论点构思基于put money into advertising可能偏向于就广告的作用进行分类，比如广告能吸引顾客的注意力；广告有助于顾客对商品进行比较，等。但当我们注意到题干中的put more money，分论点就需要着重强调花很多钱在广告上的必要性，是什么因素导致商家打广告就是需要投资很多钱。

对于这种题干并没有比较项的题目，建议对题干中的关键名词进行分类来构思分论点，此题的关键名词为advertising，我们就可以思考下，现在社会上常见的广告分为哪些类别（电视广告、传单、网络广告、产品发布会等），这些类别的广告主要用于哪些产品，对于这些产品而言为什么要花大价钱打广告，这样我们的分论点就出来了。如果想要写反方立场，那么只需要说明还可能具有哪些因素能让商家变得成功，而这些因素需要更多的钱即可。

由于题目没有比较项，选择同意立场的时候，本题段落分布可以直接采用一边倒的结构，两至三各主体段全部去论述己方立场即可。如果选择反对立场，可以采用一到两个主体段论证其他因素对商家成功的重要性及花钱的必要性，第三段论证用让步段结构论证广告虽有用，但不至于需要花那么多钱。

请参考如下范文：

As far back as Ancient Egypt, advertising has served a critical purpose in the business world by enabling sellers to effectively compete with one another for the attention of buyers. Whether the goods and services provided by businesses are a necessity or a luxury, customers in all ages scarcely rely on a one-time announcement or word-of-mouth chatter to make their decisions. Accordingly, a generous investment in advertising is necessary for businesses to stand out from their competitors.

First, all-pervasive advertising helps to raise the target consumers’ awareness of issues with which they may be unfamiliar as well as educate them on the related benefits of the product or service. A popular example of this is the health care industry. Every time, for instance, when the commercial of a newly-produced medicine promotes through television, the messages of the advertisement always describe aches and pains that are similar to those experienced by the viewers, which will draw the attention of target consumers, including both patients and doctors. As a consequence, the more viewers knowing this commercial, the more likely that doctors will consider it as a potential remedy or treatment option and recommend it to their patients next time. So it is not uncommon to see that businesses invest a cascade of money in launching their commercials on more than one platform only to obtain enough attention from audience.

In addition, an ongoing and constant advertising campaign is essential in reminding the existing customers as well as attracting new ones. No matter in a troubled economy or an economic booming period, maintaining a strong presence through regular ads, fliers, postcards and commercials definitely carries weight to the customers’ following shopping options, which is an invaluable source for business to keep their profitability. On the other hand, this also serves to attract new customers who may otherwise not have been in need of the products or services but now consider them as the potential shopping choices. Examples of Apple products are a good example of this. Not only does Apple Company hit their new products every year in September but also they provide large amount of budget for advertising on TV and all kinds of media, which is, undoubtedly, one of the key factors that contributes to their prevalence around the world.

As above, advertising is an essential approach for businesses to become dominant among their competitors, and thus allocating more money to advertise should be regarded as a wise decision.

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