专业的天津托福寒假培训就选新航道天津学校，托福写作中常见且有效的论证方法要获得高分，仅仅依靠背诵单词和句型是远远不够的，对于托福写作中有哪些常见且有效的论证方法呢？让我们来了解一下。

因果关系

因果关系是我们在托福写作中最常使用到的一种论证手段，主要通过阐述支持或反对一种说法的原因来论证观点。所以同学们运用方法时，一定要保证逻辑清晰，用好的话，这一点是能够大大帮助我们的写作加分的！下面，克里斯会给同学们用具体实例讲解一下，并给同学们附上常用的句型。

具体例子

题目：Do social media influencers have a major impact on consumers?  Why or why not?

范文：This is a challenging topic, but I think that social media influencers aren’t as significant as some people suggest. （给出观点）

I strongly agree with Emily’s idea that people are too smart to be influenced by them. I’d add that twenty years ago a charismatic person might have convinced us to buy something we didn't really need, but I think that doesn’t happen so much nowadays. That’s because we can thoroughly research whatever we are interested in using blogs, consumer magazines and social media.（原因1） We can use these sources of information to find products that exactly suit our needs, so we aren't swayed by the exaggerated claims of social media influencers. 

While Jack raised the relevant point that young people are especially vulnerable, he didn't mention that parents these days take the time to educate their kids and monitor their internet use.（原因2）As a result, young people aren't likely to make rash decisions about what to buy.（导致的结果）

这一段中，注意第二句That‘s because开始的那一段，就是非常典型的因果论证法。在开头，首先表明现在人们太聪明以至于不会被social media影响，然后开始论证，人们可以从各种自己感兴趣的blogs、magazines和social media上找到需要的信息。在第二部分论证中，又说到讨论区另一个学生Jack的观点。作者反对Jack的观点，并且阐述现在家长会花费时间去教育孩子并且监管他们的网络使用。这样的论证符合自然逻辑，因此也成为了一次非常合理完美的论证，简单明了，富有说服力。

专业的天津托福寒假培训就选新航道天津学校

常用句型

● First(ly)...Second(ly)...Third(ly)..
● To begin with...
● First of all...
● The first and the most important reason is that...
● On the one hand...On the other hand...
● Another equally important aspect is...
● Besides, other reasons are...
● For one thing...For another...
● Last but not least,...
● because / since / as / due to / owing to
● because of / thanks to / as a result of
● therefore / hence / thus / as a result / consequently
● the reason why...is that...
● the main factor toward this is that...
● It is related to / associated with the phenomenon that...

专业的天津托福寒假培训就选新航道天津学校

举例论证

同学们对于举例论证这一方式应该并不陌生，它是一种非常具有逻辑性和说服力的表达方式。该方法的核心思想是通过具体的例子来支持和论证观点，使得观点更加具体和生动。

然而，运用举例论证需要对素材有一定要求。与口语考试中可以使用个人经历不同，托福写作这里更倾向于选择一些更广泛认可的例子，如名人事迹、热点新闻等，以提高论证的可信度和说服力。这就要求同学们在素材积累上要有所取舍，注意选择那些更为客观、公认的案例来支持自己的观点。

为了更好地理解这一方法，我们可以举一个例子。假设我们要论证“努力能够取得成功”，我们可以选择引用一位成功人士的事迹，比如说，通过引用乔布斯创办苹果公司的经历，说明他通过持之以恒的努力最终取得了非凡的成功。这样的例子更容易引起共鸣，使得观点更为有力。

常用句型

● For example/instance
● ...such as A, B, C and so on...
● A good case in point is that...
● To consider the case / one's experience as an example
● Take... as an example

专业的天津托福寒假培训就选新航道天津学校

让步论证

让步这种论证方式的核心思想在于首先承认一个事实的可行性或可能性，然后迅速转折，提出自己的观点以否定前者。

假设我们讨论某个社会问题，比如教育系统的改革。我们可以先承认当前教育系统存在一些问题，例如学科内容的单一性，但随后我们会转折观点，提出自己对于引入跨学科教育的支持。

这样的写作手法不仅使论述更加有说服力，而且为读者提供了清晰的方向，让他们更好地理解如何展开自己的写作。

具体例子

题目：If you had to choose between prioritizing economic growth or protecting the environment, which one would you choose.  Why?

范文： Maggie raised the relevant point that it’s possible that profitable companies will someday solve all of our problems using new technology, but she doesn’t mention that they might arrive far too late to be of use.  For example, it could take decades for an innovative company to create a clean energy source, but people are suffering from environmental catastrophes right now.

可以看到，让步论证法实际上非常适合在文章中承上启下，能够增强整体结构的连贯性。在上面的范文，首先作者肯定了maggie的观点，但是在后面否定了观点的实效性。

通过这个例子，我们能够更清晰地看到让步论证法的逻辑，即在初步肯定某一立场后，通过理性的思考和合理的反驳，突显该立场的局限性。这种论证方法不仅使文章更具说服力，而且符合托福考官期望看到的逻辑严密、表达得当的特点。在练习写作时，除了关注语言表达，同学们还应当注重论证的内在逻辑，确保自己的观点清晰、有条理，以取得更好的写作效果。

专业的天津托福寒假培训就选新航道天津学校

常用句型

● in spite of...
● despite this...
● however / nonetheless / nevertheless
● in spite of the fact that...
● Although / though ...

假设论证

这一种论证方式相当普遍，通常是通过设想某种情境的发生来支持或反驳我们所提出的观点。

但是，这种方法的使用对我们的写作逻辑思维提出了一定的挑战，要求能够保持清晰的论证逻辑，而不是毫无逻辑地随意作出假设。以下是一个例子，以更具体地说明这种论证方法的应用：

具体例子

题目：If you had to choose between prioritizing economic growth or protecting the environment, which one would you choose.  Why?

范文：While I appreciate the points mentioned by both Maggie and Alex, I think that we should mainly focus on economic growth.  

This is because our lives will become unpleasant if the economy slows down.  We all have bills to pay and those require us to earn an income. Remember that many people have families to take care of, so they need to earn a regular income. That is only possible if the economy continues to grow at the same rate year after year. 

Some people may feel that preserving the environment is more important than maintaining our current standard of living, but I tend to disagree. My main focus is on the quality of life that people enjoy at this exact moment, not the lives that future generations will lead.

在此处，范文用了假设经济下行人们的生活会变的不好，通过假设这种情况，推理出这种情况带来的影响，这也是体现我们写作逻辑性的一方面。同学们要记住，我们做假设的时候，一定也是要有逻辑的，不能做出的假设完全不合理，这样的话我们的写作也是无法自圆其说的哦。要给出合理的假设与分析才能进一步夯实我们的论证。

专业的天津托福寒假培训就选新航道天津学校

常用句型

● If + xxx will/would
● People would rather...than...
● Suppose / Supposing...
● I presume / assume / suppose...
● xxx postulate...

专业的天津托福寒假培训就选新航道天津学校，看完了这篇文章，同学们是不是会觉得突然思路打开了、写托福作文没有那么难了呢？这样就对啦！因为托福作文真的没有你想象的那么难写，把这些方法灵活运用起来，相信同学们和雅思分手也会是轻轻松松的事情啦。

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